Evolving Workplace Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evolving Workplace Technologies - Essay Example Due to worries the instant messaging, by its ease of initiating and participating in online conversations, contribute to a rise in interruption of tasks, the article investigates the association linking IM and interruption. While some scholars state that IM if used in a strategic manner, it may reduce interruptions, the study finds that the utilization of IM has no effect on extensive amounts of work communication. In contrast, the findings show that individuals who utilize IM at work report being less frequently interrupted than those who do not use IM. Besides, they get involved in most regular computer-mediated communication than non-users, encompassing work-associated and personal communication. McGuire, D., Todnem By, R., & Hutchings, K. ''Towards a model of human resource solutions for achieving intergenerational interaction in organizations.'' Journal of European industrial training, 31 (8), 592-608. Avoiding disputes and attaining inter-generational interaction is turning out to be difficult in workplaces with a mixture of generations. The article offers a model and suggests HR solutions aimed at achieving co-operative generational interaction. The article adopts Park's theory of race associations to discuss the uniqueness of generational work clusters and the challenges along with opportunities that such groups offer during interactions in firms. The paper establishes a research agenda for analyzing how different generations interact in the workplace and acknowledge the limitations of utilizing Park's theory.

Described in the Seneca Falls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Described in the Seneca Falls - Essay Example †Now, in view of this entire disfranchisement of one-half the people of this country, their social and religious degradation,—in view of the unjust laws above mentioned, and because women do feel themselves aggrieved, oppressed, and fraudulently deprived of their most sacred rights, we insist that they have immediate admission to all the rights and privileges which belong to them as citizens of these United States.† Above is the main objective of the feminist groups at the convention. Under it states the details of such rights to be received by women; the right to suffrage, equal opportunities, social status, etc., giving emphasis to â€Å"All men are created equal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in the Declaration of Independence, which they explained the term ‘men’ is being pertained to people and not gender specific. The convention succeeded in their objective to open the eyes of society to the injustices received by women that time. Uniting powerful elements at the convention such as gathering groups of antislavery, reformists and radical Quakers acted as one of the most important things that highlight the event that was one of the factors the convention became a success. This provoked one of the greatest rebellions in history of the modern times. The convention at the Seneca Falls only sparked the beginning of the struggle of women towards their thirst for equality and gave birth to more feminist groups to take part in their journey. Led by a number of famous and reputable women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a woman rights pioneer, the Declaration of Sentiments became a success. â€Å"That all laws which prevent woman from occupying such a position in society as her conscience shall allow, or which place her in a position inferior to that of man, are contrary to the great law of nature, and therefore of no force or authority.† Above is one of the most appealing resolutions presented at the convention. Although this may not hold true to all women since the â€Å"coloured† still

Crisis in Darfur- Current affairs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Crisis in Darfur- Current affairs - Essay Example In keeping with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), the number of peacekeepers is on the rise at Darfur. The two sides of the conflict are: the Sudanese Military and the Janjaweed on one side and some rebel groups like the Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement on the other. The ethnic non-Arab land tilling groups appoints the later two parties. We have ample proof and information to say that the Sudanese government is helping the Janjaweed and the militia, especially in terms of funds. The desertification of the land by the cutting of trees, drought and problem of excess population have in fact made the problem intense and is one of the factors responsible for the conflict. The nomads, in order to feed their cattle are taking them towards the southern region occupied by the farming groups of Black Americans. The government of Sudan has been involved in the war but has been curbing the figures of death as well as evidence. However according to the US Holocaust Museum, the figures exceed 1 lakh. Around 2.5 millions have been displaced due to the war. These are not mere figures but human lives! We have therefore termed this as the genocide although the United Nations does not agree with the term. In the year 2007, the Sudanese government was accused by UN for participatign in the genocide and the gross violations in Darfur. The President of Sudan has been charged by three accusations of genocide, five accusations of crimes against humanity and two cases of murder by the International Criminal Court. Because eof ethnicity the president is accused to have planned the destruction of three tribal groups in Darfur. This is one of the reasons why Sudan looks upon the UN forces and the peacekeepers as foreign invaders. The blame is on America for following this interventionist policy with respect to the foreign nations. (Walker and

Gillian Clarke Essay Example for Free

Gillian Clarke Essay Before even reading â€Å"Miracle on St David’s Day†, I knew that something very special was going to happen from the word in the title â€Å"Miracle†. Clarke’s use of this word suggests that an amazing event is going to occur and that the poem is therefore going to be emotional and poignant. Gillian Clarke uses the first verse of the poem to create a pastoral idyll due to the use of personification-â€Å"An afternoon yellow and open mouthed with daffodils†. This conjures a happy and warm image of daffodils with their trumpets open wide, laughing in the sunlight, and it successfully personifies the flowers. Clarke also places people in the description to make it seem even more vivid in our minds-â€Å"the rumps of gardeners between nursery shrubs†. The line, â€Å"country house, guests strolling† pulls together a vivid image of a beautiful, opening scene in the reader’s mind. Clarke also introduces the importance of nature right at the beginning of the poem in this first verse. lAt the start of the second verse, Clarke dramatically dispels the pastoral idyllic that she created in the first verse. â€Å"I am reading poetry to the insane† is a blunt line, completely in contrast to the last verse as it is so insensitive. As readers, we instantly realise the harsh reality of the situation that she is in fact in a mental institution. Clarke’s dispelling of the original image is effective because it catches the reader’s attention immediately as it is a completely unexpected twist. It also makes the poem poignant because it makes the reader’s realise that there is never a perfect place and that there is always suffering around. Clarke goes on in this verse to describe some of the patients around her and the length of their mental disorders-â€Å"An old woman interrupting offers as many buckets of coal as I need. Clarke describes the poignant image of a schizophrenic, beautiful boy absorbed in her poetry making us realise that her poetry may be powerful for these people. After verse two, Clarke introduces verse three by stating â€Å"on a good day, they tell me later† to show how the split between a verse is a like the dramatic split personality of a schizophrenic. In verse three, Clarke goes into more detail about her moving surroundings to build up a vivid idea of the situation in the reader’s mind. She describes ow the sun causes shadows of window bars into the room and how a woman is sitting in these shadows as if she is in a cage. â€Å"In a cage of first March sun a woman sits†. Clarke repeats the word not, â€Å"not listening, not seeing, not feeling† to result in the woman appearing to be trapped inside herself and entirely vacant. Finally in this verse, Clarke writes, â€Å"a big, big mild, man is tenderly led to his chair†. The use of the adverb â€Å"tenderly† makes us understand just how much care and attention these people need. Clarke continues with the poem’s tone of compassion in verse four, by the slow reading caused by several instances of pauses in the line due to commas such as hands on his knees, he rocks . â€Å"I read to the big, dumb, labouring man as he rocks† also brings about the sad sense that although this man seems self-sufficient and big on the exterior he is mild and insecure on the inside and in the mind. Finally Clarke uses an oxymoron, â€Å"I read to their presences, absences† to show how although they are physically in the room, some of their minds aren’t really there at all. In verse five, Clarke’s writing makes everything suddenly change. The slow and thoughtful pace of the poem ends dramatically in a similar way that Clarke destroyed the pastoral idyllic after the first verse. Gillian Clarke’s use of alliteration also strongly suggests that something special is about to happen, â€Å"He is suddenly standing silently, huge and mild but I feel afraid. † Clarke then cleverly uses two similes to portray the moment before the man speaks, â€Å"Like slow movement of spring water or the first bird of the year in the breaking darkness†. These similes are closely linked to new life spring which is convenient because the poem is set on the first day of spring. We also grasp from Clarke’s use of similes that the man is going to do something new. This is a significant and poignant moment in the poem because the man is so well-built and huge yet what he is about to do is something really big and special for everybody in the room and the reader, â€Å"the labourer’s voice recites ‘The Daffodils’† The reaction to this man’s speech is shock and no one is able to speak. The nurses are speechless and prepared for violence from the man but even they freeze. The patients, some of which are seriously mentally ill also suddenly listen, â€Å"the patients seem to listen†. It is effective and poignant, how Gillian Clarke then personifies the daffodils to match the characters and mood of the room. She expresses that even nature outside can react at this incredible moment. The hyperbole that she uses, a thousand, ten thousand is an excerpt from the Wordsworth poem that the man is reciting. Clarke successfully employs this hyperbole to exaggerate the number of daffodils who stop to observe to the man breaking free of speech and his life. I think that the seventh stanza is the most heart-breaking stanza, especially Since the dumbness of misery fell; because that implies that the man was once a happy child and only stopped talking and became miserable when something tore his life apart. This is poignant because it makes us imagine tragic events that could have stopped this man from speaking and that it really shows the power and impact that poetry can have. I think the daffodils are flame is a very effective and clever way of Clarke to finish the poem because it is ending with the daffodils where it first started. The way that nature outside corresponds to the event in the room is truly miraculous. In verse six Clarke personifies the daffodils as â€Å"still as wax† whilst the man is reciting and the daffodils are then â€Å"flame† in the last verse during the man’s applaud (we can see a fiery theme). The poem is so poignant because of the way Clarke creates successful images and personification so that we can feel we are in the room at the time of the miracle. The pathetic fallacy at the end leaves reader’s reflective and astounded by the description in poetry of such an amazing account.

Industrial or Economic Espionage :: International Business Competition Essays

Industrial or Economic Espionage A small Mississauga electronics safety equipment company is broken into. Although filing cabinets and desks were rummaged through, nothing was seemingly taken. An officer discovered the company had drawn up a bid for $7 million dollar contract a day or so before the break-in. The contract in question was for a foreign country. It was later discovered that the company in question was known for its aggressive economic espionage. An iron ore shipping company was also broken into. At first it was thought that the target had been the firms computers. But, nothing was taken, it was assumed that the burglars had been scared off. Within thirty minutes it was discovered that the company was approaching its fiscal year end. staff eventually found that most of the recent database backup tape was missing. A Quebec based company with the laser-based system for inspecting materials used in, among other things, the stealth aircraft, had three computers stolen. On their harddrives were confidential codes for specialized software used by the Canadian Armed forces. The above are all true examples of the modern threat facing international business today known as industrial or economic espionage. The end of the cold and economic pressures have increased the risk of economic espionage. The collapse of the Soviet Union has left unemployed KGB and other former communist bloc intelligence agents selling everything from Russian night vision devices to completely assembled and functional bugging devices. Even friendly western European governments have been caught spying on private corporations based in the U.S. and other countries, while industrial competitors sometimes hire private companies to collect competitive intelligence from their corporate rivals( Lester:96). What exactly is economic espionage? how prevalent is it? Who does it? How do they do it? and what can we do to stop it. These are the questions that will be looked at in the following pages. First lets look at, what exactly is economic espionage. Espionage and intelligence is no longer the exclusive domain of monarchs and governments, it has become a must for modern international business. Large corporations around the world particularly in western Europe and Asia now hire agents to gather intelligence on their competitors and other countries. The goal of economic espionage is to steal trade secrets, plans and confidential procedures or anything to give your company or country a competitive edge over another (Perry:1996). The areas that interest industrial spies the most include radiation transfer technology, systems diagnostic and testing software, traveling wave tubes, aviation technologies, microwave monolithic integrated circuits, inferred signature measures software, radar technologies, wet

Hacienda Luisita Issue

The documentaries about Hacienda luisita are serve a lesson for all of us. While watching the documentary I feel pity to all farmers of hacienda luisita because they will fight for what they think is right. And I really admired them for their undying love for the land they needed for their lives. On January 22 1987 when mendiola massacre happen, some 10,000 farmers marched to ask the President Corazon Aquino to make good on her promise to implement a genuine agrarian reform program. Mendiola Bridge was the center of many a protest in the country since the time of Mrs. Aquino's. Its proximity to the Palace assured demonstrators that their calls might be better heard. But on that day, it was the sound of bullets firing and screams from the farmers that echoed in the streets outside the presidential palace. Within a few minutes, 13 farmers lay dead. At least 39 others sustained gunshot wounds, while 20 suffered minor injuries. The media called it â€Å"Black Thursday† but it went down in history as â€Å"The Mendiola Massacre. People died protecting the land they had treated as their own. Risking their lives and losing their lives for the land showed how their lives would be meaningless or impossible without it. Sadly, lives were lost before this was made clear to the public. But that’s not the end of the the tragedy. The workers launched their strike again on November 6, 2004, two unions led the strike. The strikers were forced to contend with the b iggest number of police and military. They stood their ground against tear gas and chemical-laced water that stung when it hit their skin. Many were hurt. At the final count, 72 were badly injured, 27 sustained gun shot wounds, and 110 were arrested by the police. By early evening, it was also discovered that seven were killed. It hurts for me to know that our own policeman killed there fellow Filipino. Eventually the policeman responsibility is to protect there fellow citizen but then they are the tool to lose the life of there countryman. I hope that sooner the Cojuanco family would somehow realize that there are many Filipinos particularly the people in tarlac who are living around the Hacienda Luisita are striving to have even a part of land that they could till. May they also be reminded that if they have a huge part of land which they could no longer manage, then it should be given to poor people who need it the most. I hope someday the farmers of hacienda luisita can get the justice they looking for, and I hope between cojuanco and the farmers well talk peacefully to avoid losing life again.

Concepts Of Absolute And Comparative Advantage

Let us take an example of two farmers who are producing the same type of commodities, which are ground nuts and maize, from the same size of farms. If the two farmers decide to devote all their efforts in producing maize, their farm outputs will be as follows: farmer A – 600 bags; and farmer B – 200 bags. If they allocate their resources well and produce ground nuts, their output will be as follows: farmer A – 300 bags, and farmer B – 200 bags. We can say that that farmer A enjoys absolute advantage in producing both maize and groundnuts than farmer B.The two farmers can however still benefit from each other through specialization and commodity exchange. Farmer A has a comparative advantage in producing maize while farmer B has comparative advantage in producing groundnuts due to opportunity cost of production in both farms. Based on current economic conditions, make one argument in favor of more government involvement in the economy and one argument in fa vor of less government involvement in the economy. For many governments, involvement in their respective economies is important.This is because the governments can ensure that producers are not exploited due to lack of market for their products in by enhancing trade with other countries. The governments will thus procure ready markets for that product in other countries, hence promoting the economy in their home countries. Moreover, governmental involvement in their countries’ economies is important because it can ensure that business activities are regulated for a free enterprise and competition. Governments may also fight corruption in private sectors to ensure that consumers are not exploited by the large producers and monopolies.Diminishing marginal utility explains a lot about human behavior. For example, it helps illuminate why diets fail, romances fade, too much exercise harms us, and many other things. Select a human behavior and construct a â€Å"mini case studyâ₠¬  that highlights the workings of marginal utility. Take an example one being thirsty and instead of drinking water, deciding to go to a nearby kiosk or shop to drink a cold soda. The first soda they get may be very good or appetizing until they decide to take another one. For the first soda taking, on a scale of ten, the person can even score ten out of ten.For the second soda, since they have somehow quenched their thirst, they can score five out of ten. If they continue to take another soda, they can even not finish it and now score two out of ten. Read the LAST Word piece â€Å"Financing Social Security† listed below. Of the alternative approaches to repairing social security, which do you think makes the most sense, and why? As part of your answer find a recent (less than a year old) article on the subject and cite it. The approach that makes the most sense is investing the payroll taxes through personal retirement account.This approach is important because it can impr ove the standard of living of employees in the future after they have retired from work. Employees will be able to properly structure their incomes besides being allowed to get used in future to any need during their time of retirement. They may thus either start their own business or incase of death arises; they can leave those funds for their families. An advantage of using this approach is that new employees, who will perhaps be earning low incomes as compared to the old employees, will have to contribute fewer taxes toward the security fund.They will however continue increasing their remittances as their payroll will continue to rise up. Those funds must also be deducted throughout one’s life until they retire from your job. People will thus start receiving the benefits of that scheme, or in case of they die, their spouses or dependants can enjoy that benefit. Another importance is that workers of any income level are allowed to contribute to this scheme and build nest eg gs for their families. Personal retirement accounts are voluntary and young workers have an opportunity to open and continue with them for future benefits which could be a worth a presentable sum of money. Concepts Of Absolute And Comparative Advantage Let us take an example of two farmers who are producing the same type of commodities, which are ground nuts and maize, from the same size of farms. If the two farmers decide to devote all their efforts in producing maize, their farm outputs will be as follows: farmer A – 600 bags; and farmer B – 200 bags. If they allocate their resources well and produce ground nuts, their output will be as follows: farmer A – 300 bags, and farmer B – 200 bags. We can say that that farmer A enjoys absolute advantage in producing both maize and groundnuts than farmer B.The two farmers can however still benefit from each other through specialization and commodity exchange. Farmer A has a comparative advantage in producing maize while farmer B has comparative advantage in producing groundnuts due to opportunity cost of production in both farms. Based on current economic conditions, make one argument in favor of more government involvement in the economy and one argument in fa vor of less government involvement in the economy. For many governments, involvement in their respective economies is important.This is because the governments can ensure that producers are not exploited due to lack of market for their products in by enhancing trade with other countries. The governments will thus procure ready markets for that product in other countries, hence promoting the economy in their home countries. Moreover, governmental involvement in their countries’ economies is important because it can ensure that business activities are regulated for a free enterprise and competition. Governments may also fight corruption in private sectors to ensure that consumers are not exploited by the large producers and monopolies.Diminishing marginal utility explains a lot about human behavior. For example, it helps illuminate why diets fail, romances fade, too much exercise harms us, and many other things. Select a human behavior and construct a â€Å"mini case studyâ₠¬  that highlights the workings of marginal utility. Take an example one being thirsty and instead of drinking water, deciding to go to a nearby kiosk or shop to drink a cold soda. The first soda they get may be very good or appetizing until they decide to take another one. For the first soda taking, on a scale of ten, the person can even score ten out of ten.For the second soda, since they have somehow quenched their thirst, they can score five out of ten. If they continue to take another soda, they can even not finish it and now score two out of ten. Read the LAST Word piece â€Å"Financing Social Security† listed below. Of the alternative approaches to repairing social security, which do you think makes the most sense, and why? As part of your answer find a recent (less than a year old) article on the subject and cite it. The approach that makes the most sense is investing the payroll taxes through personal retirement account.This approach is important because it can impr ove the standard of living of employees in the future after they have retired from work. Employees will be able to properly structure their incomes besides being allowed to get used in future to any need during their time of retirement. They may thus either start their own business or incase of death arises; they can leave those funds for their families. An advantage of using this approach is that new employees, who will perhaps be earning low incomes as compared to the old employees, will have to contribute fewer taxes toward the security fund.They will however continue increasing their remittances as their payroll will continue to rise up. Those funds must also be deducted throughout one’s life until they retire from your job. People will thus start receiving the benefits of that scheme, or in case of they die, their spouses or dependants can enjoy that benefit. Another importance is that workers of any income level are allowed to contribute to this scheme and build nest eg gs for their families. Personal retirement accounts are voluntary and young workers have an opportunity to open and continue with them for future benefits which could be a worth a presentable sum of money.

Free Essays on What It Takes

What it Takes Perhaps more than at any other time in history, today’s parents are concerned about the future of their children. They want a child who will be happy, caring, and compassionate (Christopherson 3). A parenting style choice can mold a child to be this way or to be completely opposite. Parenting style captures two important elements or parenting: parental responsiveness and parental control (Darling). Parental responsiveness is how well parents respond to their children’s needs and demands. Parental demanding ness is how well parents assert disciplinary efforts and how well they supervise. Categorizing parents according to whether they are high or low on responsible demanding ness and responsiveness creates a typology of four parenting styles: indulgent, authoritarian, authoritative, and uninvolved (Darling) Of these styles, authoritative parenting is the most effective. In this style, parents are highly demanding and responsive. â€Å"They monitor and impact clear standards for their children’s conduct. They are assertive but not intrusive, but not intrusive and restrictive. Their disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than punitive† (qtd. in Baumrind 162) (Darling). There are several contributing factors that lead to effective authoritative parenting. It is not easy and takes an abundance of time as well as patience and critical thinking. Authoritative parents focus on giving clear appropriate commands. By doing so, children know that parents mean business. A clear command is a simple imperative sentence. It is not asking a favor, sending an invitation, asking a question, or proposing a threat (Chidekel 119). A clear command is simple: â€Å"Pick up your toys† is an example. Its meaning is simply clear and direct. From this children will gain the knowledge of power of authority. Most children want to belong to a peer group, but promoting the social- skill to do so is a parents task (... Free Essays on What It Takes Free Essays on What It Takes What it Takes Perhaps more than at any other time in history, today’s parents are concerned about the future of their children. They want a child who will be happy, caring, and compassionate (Christopherson 3). A parenting style choice can mold a child to be this way or to be completely opposite. Parenting style captures two important elements or parenting: parental responsiveness and parental control (Darling). Parental responsiveness is how well parents respond to their children’s needs and demands. Parental demanding ness is how well parents assert disciplinary efforts and how well they supervise. Categorizing parents according to whether they are high or low on responsible demanding ness and responsiveness creates a typology of four parenting styles: indulgent, authoritarian, authoritative, and uninvolved (Darling) Of these styles, authoritative parenting is the most effective. In this style, parents are highly demanding and responsive. â€Å"They monitor and impact clear standards for their children’s conduct. They are assertive but not intrusive, but not intrusive and restrictive. Their disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than punitive† (qtd. in Baumrind 162) (Darling). There are several contributing factors that lead to effective authoritative parenting. It is not easy and takes an abundance of time as well as patience and critical thinking. Authoritative parents focus on giving clear appropriate commands. By doing so, children know that parents mean business. A clear command is a simple imperative sentence. It is not asking a favor, sending an invitation, asking a question, or proposing a threat (Chidekel 119). A clear command is simple: â€Å"Pick up your toys† is an example. Its meaning is simply clear and direct. From this children will gain the knowledge of power of authority. Most children want to belong to a peer group, but promoting the social- skill to do so is a parents task (...

Sociological issues in schools

Sociological issues in schools Introduction Today’s society is too dynamic due to increased technological advancement. This has called for all societies of the world to give their young people the most relevant education and training to make the fit in the modern world. Despite all this efforts various sociological issues affecting education have continued to make it very hard for the children of the world to have a bright future.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sociological issues in schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Here we are going to look at various issues, the problems which they pose in the teaching fraternity and also the impacts which they can bring in the course of trying to improve such pathetic conditions. Some of these issues will involve the interest of teachers in teaching, different ways of teaching, student life in school and at home, social challenge in school, dealing with exceptionally gifted and talented learners, the multicultural issues and his try of education and finally the financing and governing American schools. Interest of teachers in teaching The interest of teachers in teaching is quite unquestionable. This is clearly evidenced by the fact that a lot of people are quitting their jobs to switch to teaching profession and also by the fact that a lot of teachers have strong passion for what they does best and that is teaching. Despite all this obvious fact a lot of teachers are highly demoralized by low salaries associated with teaching profession and a lot of them opt to go for greener pastures in the event such opportunities arise on their way. Thus it can be said that a lot of people usually join the teaching profession in the events of economic hard times and the economic meltdown. A lot of societies have tried in making efforts to harmonize the salaries of teachers with those of other people in public service and also in private sector but this has not materialized ful ly to the levels which are satisfactory to teachers thus it has been very hard to retain and attract teachers in training profession. These facts have created a lot of problems in the teaching fraternity and thus leading to poor education. Different ways of learning There are various ways of learning which vary deeply from one learner to another. This has called for the teachers to undertake extra tasks by analyzing and evaluating the individual learners in order to cater for their individual needs. Firstly, one of the ways of learning is categorized as the convergers. Here the learners’ following in this category are highly associated with abstract conceiving and a lot of experimentation of ideals, use of inferences from general principles to base their logic to solve problems and also good application of ideas.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, we a lso have another category called divergers (Aurtus, 2010, p. 1). The learners who follow in this category are characterized with perceiving things by use of their senses, good imaginative aspects and thus they easily come up with constructive ideas and finally they are associated with viewing things in different perspectives. Thirdly, the other category of ways of learning is assimilators. Those learners who follow in this category are associated with abstract conceiving of things, keenly reflecting on all their observations and they are also able to formulate theoretical models by means of inductive logic. Finally, the other way of learning can be categorized as accommodators. Here the learners are associated with using concrete experience and also being involved actively in experimentation. These learners also involve themselves so much in doing things as opposed to reading and studying them (Spiller, 2007, p. 1). It is very clear that it is not an easy task for teachers to perfor m and at the same time perfect in class work due to the fact there is acute shortage of teachers in our society and thus this will lead to poor quality in education. Life of student at school and at home The students’ lives at school and at home are a bit different. This is because learners when they are in school they are guided by already set programs, rules and regulations unlike when they are at home where they the control on their time management. At home the student can be involved with doing what they love with minimal interference of their parents and guardians. This freedom which the learners are granted at home can lead to a lot of problems especially when it is misused by learners thus impacting negatively academically. Social challenges at school There are several social challenges which have continued to dominate in schools fraternity. The most challenging social issue is the one resulting from racism. Here the black students feel so insecure when they are among their white peers and this has explained why most parents have continued to bleach their children to have light skins so that they can feel comfortable at school. The other issue is that of religion whereby the learners are limited in ways of expressing their religious affiliations (â€Å"Science News†, 2010, p. 1). Exceptionally gifted and talented learners The exceptionally gifted and talented learners pose a great challenge to teachers. This is because if one fails to identify them and give them challenging tasks they will feel bored and they may end up dropping from school. There are also learners who are exceptionally gifted in other fields other than academics and thus teacher needs to identify them early otherwise their talents will go to waste. This requires greater funding to establish the facilities for extracurricular activities which may not be adequate (Heller, 2004, p. 13). Multicultural issues and his try of education The multiculticutural issues and the try of education are very important in formulating the educational policies. Here teachers are dealing with students from different cultures and need to be very sensitive in matters pertaining cultures. Also the mother countries of these students have different his try in matters of education thus the need to harmonize the histories of different countries of the world.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sociological issues in schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Financing and governing American schools The financing and governing of American schools is a very interesting subject because the federal government has very little say on the education. Some funding usually comes from the federal government but it is too insignificant. In most cases education in public sector is governed and given financial support by the individual states with the help from local government and also school districts. The department of education usually has some authority but most power regarding schooling rests with the individual states (Fullinwider, 2007, p. 57). This has resulted in lack of equity among the states. Conclusion It is very clear that for educational system to be effective all sociological issues are supposed to be properly addressed. This is because these issues have caused greater disparities in education in different states. If all these issues are not given proper attention then the quality of education offered to the young ones will not be adequate for the to fit in this modern world. Reference List Aurtus, R. (2010). How to study- The Different Ways of Learning. Web. Fullinwider, R. (1996). Public Education in a Multicultural Society. New York. Barnes Noble. Heller, K. (2004). Identification of Gifted and Talented Students. Web. Science News. (2010). Youth’s Social Problems Contribute to Anxiety and Depression. Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Spiller, M. (2007). The five ways of learning. Web.

Sicilian Proverbs, Sayings, and Expressions

Sicilian Proverbs, Sayings, and Expressions Sicilian is a Romance language mainly spoken in Sicily, an Italian island in the Mediterranean Sea. The language is distinct from Italian, though the two languages have influenced each other and some people speak a dialect that combines elements of both. If you are ​traveling to Sicily or one of its nearby islands, you will want to familiarize yourself with some common Sicilian proverbs and expressions. Faith Like the rest of Italy, Sicily has been hugely influenced by the theology and traditions of the Roman Catholic Church. The language is filled with expressions related to faith, sin, and divine justice. Ammuccia lu latinu gnuranza di parrinu.Latin hides the stupidity of the priest. Fidi sarva, no lignu di varca.Faith is salvation, not the wood of a ship. Jiri n celu ognunu và ²; larmu ccà ¨, li forzi no.Everyone wants to go to heaven; the desire is there but the fortitude is not. Lu pintimentu lava lu piccatu.Repentance washes away sin. Lu Signiuruzzu li cosi, li fici dritti, vinni lu diavulu e li sturcà ¬u.God made things straight, the devil came and twisted them. Zoccu à ¨ datu da Diu, nun pà ² mancari.What is given by God, cant be lacking. Money Many Sicilian proverbs, like those in English, are expressions of financial wisdom and advice that have been passed down through the ages, including recommendations about buying, selling, and living within ones means. Accatta caru e vinni mircatu.Buy good quality and sell at the market price. Accatta di quattru e vinni dottu.Buy at the cost of four and sell at the cost of eight. Cu accatta abbisogna di centocchi; cu vinni dun sulu.Buyer beware. Cui nun voli pagari, sassuggetta ad ogni pattu.Who doesnt intend to pay, signs any contract. La scarsizza fa lu prezzu.Scarcity sets the price. Omu dinarusu, omu pinsirusu.A wealthy man is a pensive man. Riccu si pà ² diri cui campa cu lu so aviri.One who lives within his means can be said to be rich. Sà ¬ggiri prestamenti, pagari tardamenti; cu sa qualchi accidenti, non si ni paga nenti.Collect promptly, pay slowly; who knows, in case of an accident, youll pay nothing. Unni ccà ¨ oru, ccà ¨ stolu.Gold attracts a crowd. Zicchi e dinari su forti a scippari.Ticks and money are difficult to pluck out. Food Drink Sicily is famous for its cuisine, and its no surprise that the language has several sayings about food and drink. These will surely come in handy when youre out dining with family and friends. Mancia cudu e vivi friddu.Eat warm and drink cold. Mancia di sanu e vivi di malatu.Eat with gusto but drink in moderation. Non cà ¨ megghiu sarsa di la fami.Hunger is the best sauce. Weather Seasons Like other Mediterranean destinations, Sicily is known for its mild climate. The only unpleasant time of year might be February- the worst month, according to one Sicilian saying. Aprili fa li ciuri e le biddizzi, lonuri lhavi lu misi di maju.April makes the flowers and the beauty, but May gets all the credit. Burrasca furiusa prestu passa.A furious storm passes quickly. Frivareddu à ¨ curtuliddu, ma nun cà ¨ cchià ¹ tintu diddu.February may be short but its the worst month. Giugnettu, lu frummentu sutta lu lettu.In July, store the grain under the bed. Misi di maju, mà ¨ttiti n casa ligna e furmaggiu.Use your time in May to stock up for winter. Pruvulazzu di jinnaru crrica lu sularu.A dry January means a filled hayloft. Si jinnaru un jinnarà ­a, frivaru malu pensa.If it isnt wintry in January then expect the worst in February. Una bedda jurnata nun fa stati.One beautiful day doesnt make a summer. Miscellaneous Some Sicilian expressions are common in English, too, such as  batti lu ferru mentri à ¨ cudu  (strike while the iron is hot). The sayings below can be used in a variety of situations. A paisi unni chi vai, comu vidi fari fai.When in Rome, do as the Romans do. Batti lu ferru mentri à ¨ cudu.Strike while the iron is hot. Cani abbaia e voi pasci.Dogs bark and oxen graze. Cu vigghia, la pigghia.The early bird catches the worm. Cui cerca, trova; cui sà ¨cuta, vinci.Who seeks, finds; who perseveres, wins. Cui multi cosi accumenza, nudda nni finisci.Who starts many things,  finishes nothing. Cui scerri cerca, scerri trova.Who looks for a quarrel, finds a quarrel. Di guerra, caccia e amuri, pri un gustu milli duluri.In war, hunting, and love you suffer a thousand pains for one pleasure. È gran pazzia lu cuntrastari cu du nun pà ´ vinciri nà © appattari.Its insane to oppose when you can neither win nor compromise. Li ricchi cchià ¹ chi nnhannu, cchià ¹ nni vonnu.The more you have, the more you want. Ntra greci e greci nun si vinni abbraciu.Theres honor among thieves. Nun mà ¨ttiri lu carru davanti li voi.Dont put the cart before the horse. Ogni mali nun veni pri nà ²ciri.Not every pain comes to harm you. Quannu amuri tuppulà ¬a, un lu lassari nmenzu la via.When love knocks, be sure to answer. Supra lu majuri si nsigna lu minuri.We learn by standing on the shoulders of the wise. Unni ccà ¨ focu, pri lu fumu pari.Where theres smoke, theres fire. Vali cchià ¹ un tistimonà ¬u di visu, chi centu doricchia.The testimony of one eyewitness is worth more than the hearsay of a hundred.

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International Business - Essay Example What can describe corporate governance is a structure of responsibilities and rights shared within parties who posses a stake in a company. According to the article, researchers direct too much of focus on corporate governance on developed countries leaving emerging economies like China and India with relatively too little focus on research (53). Due to their weak governance, firms in developed countries tend to discount firms in emerging economies. As such, it will be of paramount importance if policy makers could employ corporate governance reforms since they would in turn increase firms in emerging economies access to capital as well as enhance investors’ confidence in these firms. Given the perspective of most foreign investors that emerging economies of China and India are increasingly growing to be of great importance in terms of investment opportunities and source of growth, there should be availability of reforms set to revolutionize the systems of governance in firms in these economies (55). The four challenges include lack of incentives, power in the hands of dominant shareholders, and inadequate number of qualified independent directors deters growth in these emerging economies as well as underdeveloped systems of external monitoring. The main driving forces Arguably, even though there many other factors that are contributing to corporate governance reforms, it is clear that globalization and privatization take the biggest part. There are a number of effects that privatization has on corporate governance reforms. For instance, documented evidence shows that, since when emerging economies started privatizing state owned enterprises a few years ago, there emerged a huge volume of privatization cases ranging from $8 billion in 1990 to more that $65 billion in 1997 (57). In privatization, transfer of ownership is from the sate to new private owners in which it may include local individuals, management, employees, and institutions as well as foreig n investors. Following this state of ownership, the new and diversified structure of ownership renders corporate governance a vital aspect in emerging economies. In the vein of privatization, however, challenges and obstacles occur when a few dominant executives resolve to foster their self-interests by maximizing on their private interests as opposed to owner’s interests. This creates the old or traditional agency problems that in turn make the emerging economies rigid in terms of exercise of authority (59). Additionally, the aspect of privatization led to creation of principle-to-principle agency problems that appear unique and different to emerging economies. As a result, within these indifferent contexts of agency, the majority or large number of shareholders end up controlling the firm and on the other side expropriate the interest of the minority shareholders in the firm. Both China and India became increasingly integrative into the international business at a time when they started reforming their economies with India embarking on liberalism in the wake of 1990s. Globalization led to great and tremendous contributions towards reforming corporate governance of both China and India. This is because, 2002 witnessed China replace the US as the world’

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Final Exam - Essay Example Homosexuals and lesbians are allowed to adopt children, while this was never acceptable before the 19th century. Americans came to realize that dissent is good for the nation. Through opposition, the country can identify the areas that need change, and the right direction through which the change should be guided. Eventually, American culture evolved into various subcultures based on people’s opinions and practices. American culture became heterogeneous. This paper will describe how the modern changes of the late 19th and 20th centuries contributed to a fragmented and heterogeneous culture. In the early 19th century backwards to the early centuries, the society was divided into two sections; between the rich and the poor. There were physical divisions as well as divisions based on values and ideas. The rich thought that they were untouchable, and it was the responsibility of the poor man to take a lower position in the society, for him to be rich and stay on top. The rich thought that the poor had no right to fight for freedom or try to get rich. The society according to them was perfect as it was. They had accumulated enough wealth to keep them on top for periods of time. Any grievances by the poor people were considered a nuisance, ridiculous, and an obstacle to achieving the aims of the rich. A rich person, for example, in the 1880s or even before, could have had aims of building a new home or constructing new working sites. Workers’ strikes at the time would be a nuisance because they disrupted the progress of such projects. To them, whatever the poor were fighting for was impossible. The perception of strikes at the time is that strikes were a nuisance; they were a waste of the employers’ time and money. They were a threat to the society. The perception of strikes in the current society, however, is different. It is viewed as people fighting for their rights and it is also considered legally right. The class structure in the early centuries

Business organization and Operations Management Case Study

Business organization and Operations Management - Case Study Example In this management style, the cloth retailers in UK especially the Moss Bros (which also operates Cecil Gee) management and staff work together as a group so as to harmonize operations such as deciding what should be invested in to the operation arrangement such as workforce, material, apparatus, power and how these resources can be easily be acquired and used to ensure that finished products meet the requirements of consumers, for instance the plan to sale of Cecil Gee and specialize in franchise business. The main aspects that should be addressed by the managers in charge of the operations management in Moss Bros are, speed, quality, dependability, cost and flexibility. Quality factor addresses the relevant or required standards in a product; speed addresses the time taken for operations to offer what is required; dependability is the extent to which the organization can be relied upon to deliver the pledges it makes to clients; flexibility addresses how fast a company can change its operations to meet new demand requirements; cost is the expenditure used up in operations and this requires that management understands these concepts for better management and organization (Galloway et al 2000). Due to the increasing economic problems in the whole world, there Moss Bros has out in place to improve its operations. The management operations in this cloth retailer was integrated to include features like empowering the executive team, simplifying the business operations especially the main sub sections; Moss, Hugo Boss and Cecil Gee, improving the product portfolio, exhibition and availability plus improving the cost effectiveness and enhancing the business efficiency (The Moss Bros Plc 2003). Since the appointment of Adrian Wright at the chief executive in the year 2002, the executive has been improving steadily; other appointments included the appointment of Philip Mountford as trading director who has a strong background in brand development, development and implementation of strategies for chains supplies. This is exactly the type of expertise that Moss Bros needed by that time to help it reduce the risk by reducing the uncertainties in the demand of clothes in the UK market. Another notable executive to be appointed was Roddy Murray as the finance director, the same year; he announced that the company had a stock of about 2.3 million sterling pounds worth of suit fabric, an amount that had decreased by less than half a million pounds in the 2004 second quarter (The Moss Bros Plc 2003). This accomplishment was attributed to the well defined supply chain operations as the company was generally aware that the adoption of market pull as a strategy would be more beneficial compared to product push. The process of business operations has been simplified since it was getting complicated because of the many formats used in the operations under different fascias which could lead to confusion in product offering and inconsistency (Galloway et al 2000). Efficient business operations has been integrated into the company's operations by the strong executive team enabling the firm to

Reproduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reproduction - Essay Example Estrogen induces oxytocin receptors in the uterine musculature while progesterone softens the cervix. Signals from the moving fetus signals greater secretion of oxytocin which initiates a positive feedback by increasing uterine contractions (Despopoulos & Silbernagl, 2003, p 303). Thus oxytocin causes rhythmic contractions of the strong uterine muscles and helping in easy birth of the birth and prevents chances of post-partum hemorrhage (Odent, 1998. Milk production after the birth of the child is initiated by another hormone called prolactin. Post-parturition, estrogen and progesterone levels fall; because of this the inhibitory action of these hormones on prolactin is removed. Prolactin then induces secretion of milk in the glands. Though oxytocin has no direct role in milk production it plays an important role in the release of milk or the reflex of â€Å"milk let-down† (Mackenna & Callander, 1997). The infant’s suckling acts as the stimulus which initiates release of oxytocin from the pituitary (Campbell & Reece, 2009, p 986). Oxytocin then induces contraction of the muscles of the mammary glands to initiate the flow of milk from the glands to the nipples under the control of prolactin. Hence, it has also been named milk ejection

Psychology questions Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology questions - Term Paper Example For Christian therapy and therapy in general, I think it’s necessary to, in a sense, disregard these findings and adopt a pro-active worldview that emphasizes the individual’s agency in facing and combating their psychic complications and dysfunctions. 2. I believe that Freud’s theories are an approximation of human nature and the use of his terms like ego defense mechanisms and the unconscious are not scientifically accurate. I think any therapy would benefit from the aspects of Freudian psychotherapy that seek to find the deep undercurrents of issues over a prolonged investigative period, but that it would be erroneous to believe that a therapeutic approach that doesn’t involve specific Freudian approaches and Freudian terminology is ineffective. 3. In reviewing Freud’s stage of psychosexual development I am drawn to the means by which individuals have set stages and struggles they must encounter in order to developmentally progress. While Freud is predominantly concerned with the childhood stages of development, he concludes his psychosexual stages of development with the genital phase which includes large portions of adolescence and young adulthood (Mitchell 1996). When I consider such stages in my own life I am drawn to the period after graduation from high school when I faced a sort of personal crisis as to my place in the world and maturity. I approached this life stage with determination and consistency in both school and my social life; I would apply these principles to my therapeutic approach as I believe they can be applied to a wide variety of developmental challenges. 4. Considering death from a spiritual standpoint, I believe that it is necessary for one to consider their own mortality and find a certain meaning or purpose in their life. I don’t think it’s necessarily essential that an individual embrace a belief in an afterlife, but that they understand that their time on Earth is limited and

Reproduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reproduction - Essay Example Estrogen induces oxytocin receptors in the uterine musculature while progesterone softens the cervix. Signals from the moving fetus signals greater secretion of oxytocin which initiates a positive feedback by increasing uterine contractions (Despopoulos & Silbernagl, 2003, p 303). Thus oxytocin causes rhythmic contractions of the strong uterine muscles and helping in easy birth of the birth and prevents chances of post-partum hemorrhage (Odent, 1998. Milk production after the birth of the child is initiated by another hormone called prolactin. Post-parturition, estrogen and progesterone levels fall; because of this the inhibitory action of these hormones on prolactin is removed. Prolactin then induces secretion of milk in the glands. Though oxytocin has no direct role in milk production it plays an important role in the release of milk or the reflex of â€Å"milk let-down† (Mackenna & Callander, 1997). The infant’s suckling acts as the stimulus which initiates release of oxytocin from the pituitary (Campbell & Reece, 2009, p 986). Oxytocin then induces contraction of the muscles of the mammary glands to initiate the flow of milk from the glands to the nipples under the control of prolactin. Hence, it has also been named milk ejection

Financial Management - Ratios comparision Essay

Financial Management - Ratios comparision - Essay Example This ratio indicates the financial structure of the enterprise. In other words the ratio is a barometer to reveal how the assets of the enterprise have been financed. Total Owings (Debts) include long-term debts and current liabilities, whereas Total Assets consists of both fixed and current assets. The ratio measures the total assets financed by outside debts. In 2006 47.54% of total assets of Bloodstone Ltd. Were financed through total owings, both long term as well current liabilities; where as in 2007 dependency on owings for assets financing has marginally gone up to 48.38%. The situation of Blooodstone Ltd.is little better than Garnet Plc., half of whose assets are financed through owings The ratio measures the incremental sales over previous year sales. The formula is to divide the absolute increased value of sales by total sales of the previous year and express the increment as percentage over previous year’s sales. Blood Stone Ltd. has attained a 15% growth in sales in the year 2006 over the sales of 2005. On the other hand such growth is only 8% for Garnet Plc. Even assuming both the companies in the same industry there may be a variety of reasons for such increased growth for Blood Stone Ltd., like: a) Increased value of fixed assets in the year 2006 as compared to 2005 suggests the new fixed assets have been manage effectively in the contribution of growth in sales. There may have been increase in sale outlets and in areas where there is no or negligible competition. b) Debtors have gone down to â‚ ¤1050 in 2006 as compared to â‚ ¤1,100 in 2005. This implies that the emphasis was on cash sales either by reducing the sales prices per unit or by providing cash discounts. There is also a possibility that certain incentive plans might have been introduced or there was better credit control. Bloodstone Ltd.’s PBIT ratio has remained more or less constant during 2005 and 2006. In 2006 it was 4.67% as compared to 4.5% in 2005.

The Tragedy Of Macbeth Essay Example for Free

The Tragedy Of Macbeth Essay According to Aristotles definition Shakespeares work of Macbeth is classed as a tragedy. In order for a piece of work to be called a tragedy it must follow nine rules and one of which is the rule I will be focusing on today. This rule is The tragic hero effectively evokes both pity and fear. In this essay I will be answering the question to what extent does Shakespeare create pity for Macbeth? The first point in the play Shakespeare creates pity for Macbeth is in Act 1 Scene 7, where in this scene Macbeth presents his first soliloquy to the audience, and it is this soliloquy, which creates pity for Macbeth. Throughout the soliloquy Macbeth mentions two separate things regarding the killing of Duncan, at one point he says Against the deep damnation of his taking off. The phrase taking off refers to the killing of the king, another example is upon the sightless couriers of the air, shall blow the horrid deed in every eye. When Macbeth refers to the deed and the blow he is talking about the killing of Duncan. Macbeth is using euphemisms when referring to the killing of Duncan because he is lying to himself, He is trying to get the killing of Duncan out of his mind so he can continue with his life, he continues and says I have no spur to prick the side of my intent, but only vaulting ambition, which oer-leaps itself and falls on the other side. This quotation means that Macbeths only motive in this attack and murder was ambition. This also tells us that Macbeth was pushed into the deed that he committed. Later in this scene we see that Macbeth was indeed persuaded by Lady Macbeth to do the act, in line 50 Lady Macbeth says When you durst do it, then you were a man; in this quotation she is questioning his manhood, she is saying that Macbeth is not a man but if he kills Duncan then he is a man. The evidence shown strongly suggests that Act 1 Scene 7 does create pity for Macbeth. The next part of the play, which is significant in creating pity for Macbeth, is Act 2 Scene 1 which includes Macbeths second soliloquy Is this a dagger I see before me, the handle towards my hand? Come let me clutch thee: Macbeth, in this quotation, is hallucinating; he is seeing a dagger in front of him. It is like he has foreseen the future and that it is almost inviting him to murder Duncan. I have thee not yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible to feeling as to sight? Or art thou but a dagger of the mind, a false creation? He is questioning the dagger, he can see it but he cannot feel it so he believes it is just a figment of his imagination. Then he says Proceeding from a heat oppressed brain? I see thee yet, in a form as palpable. He is saying he is ill and blaming the fact that he has a temperature, heat oppressed brain and that is why he is seeing those images. As the soliloquy is about to finish Macbeth hears a bell ring I go and it is done, the bell invites me, hear it not, Duncan; for it is a knell, that summons thee to heaven, or to hell, He thinks that the ringing of the bell is a sign for him to kill Duncan and then goes. It is felt from this scene that pity has been created because it is showing that Macbeth is unstable and his mind is not at its sharpest and at its best. As the play continues there is meant to be more pity created for Macbeth in Act 3 Scene 1 where Macbeth has his third soliloquy through lines 50 61. Macbeth compares himself to Banquo, He sees Banquo as valiant and royal but sees himself as evil and harsh. It is rather obvious in these two lines that Shakespeare is trying to create sympathy and pity for Macbeth. In lines 61 65 Macbeth describes the crown and the sceptre (him being king) as fruitless and Barren, He describes the monarchy as fruitless because when he dies he will have no sons or daughters to pass the crown down on to, he is also referring to this when he says Thence to be wrenchd with an unlineal hand. Which means that a non-member of his family will take the crown from him. Later on in the scene through lines 65 73 he calls upon both fate and darkness as his allies to help him in his evil ways. This implies Macbeth is unstable and desperate as he needs help from two different things, it also implies he needs help t o cope with his life. Once again pity is created for Macbeth but he manages to destroy the sympathy and pity as he orders the slaughtering of Banquo but Banquos ally Fleance escapes. Act 3 Scene 4 is one of the most significant and meaningful scenes in the entire play and is the Banqueting scene. In this scene Macbeth is staging a banquet at his home and everyone in Scottish importance is in attendance, between lines 35 and 40 the ghost of Banquo enters the room and sits in the throne. Macbeth is the only one in the room that can see the ghost and begins to become emotionally upset which in turn makes the audience feel sorry for him. He begins to act strangely and guests begin to get suspicious, Lady Macbeth then says sit, worthy friends: my lord is often thus: this is clearly an excuse to stop guests getting suspicious, but there is a sense of irony in this as no-one would like a king ruling there country who is mentally unstable, and with that Macbeth has generated more sympathy for himself. Lady Macbeth then takes her husband aside and says Why do you make such faces? When alls done, you look but on a stool This clearly shows that in this stage of the Play Lady Macbeth is the one who is in charge and the one who has a clear head. There is another instance in Scene 4 where Shakespeare creates pity for Macbeth, it is shortly after the murder of Banquo one of the murderers comes in to tell Macbeth that Fleance has escaped death, Macbeth then comes out and says Then comes my fit again: I had else been perfect; whole as a marble, founded as a rock, as broad and general as the casing air: but now I am cabbind, cribbd, cofind, bound into saucy doubts and fears. but Banquos safe? In this quote Macbeth is clearly panicking, his plans were perfect but have now been ruined. The reference to marble only develops the idea of his perfect plans, as we see marble as a perfect and solid stone. This scene clearly evokes a lot of pity for Macbeth as the audience begins to see that Macbeth s perfect plan is falling apart. Shakespeare is using similes in the lines Macbeth is speaking just to emphasise the importance and the significance of the quotation In Act 4 Scene 1 there are three ghostly figures which appear to give Macbeth some words of advice, the first apparition tells Macbeth Beware Macduff, the second Be bloody, bold and resolute the third Macbeth shall never be vanquishd till Birnam wood comes to Dunsinane In reply to the three apparitions advice Macbeth says Macduff, what do I fear thee, Ill make assurance doubly sure This reply from Macbeth means that he will do anything to aid him to prevent Macduff from doing what he will, later on in the scene Macbeth says, The castle of Macduff I will surprise; soon upon Fife; give to edge of the sword his wife, his babes, and all unfortunate that should trace him in his line After Macbeth has made this statement all pity felt for him by the audience disappears as there is no need to bludgeon Macduffs family. In Act 5 the undoing of Macbeth is shown. In scene 1 there is a conversation between the gentlewoman and the doctor concerning Lady Macbeths well being, soon after, she enters and the audience see how ill she is. She relives the night of Duncans murder all over again and is trying to wash the blood off of her hands, there is really no blood on her hands but she is in an ill state of mind and therefore does not know, she continues to clean the blood off of her hands, but says that it wont come off and that she can still smell it, later in Act 5 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth dies in a state of mental pain and anguish, at this moment the most pity is evoked for Macbeth. This is one of the saddest moments in the play and Macbeth makes it worse by saying Out, out brief candle! Lifes but a walking shadow, a poor player that sweats and frets his hour upon stage, and then is heard no more. Macbeth is basically saying in this quote that life is pointless and that every species on the planet is one big actor and the world is just one big stage and that life is just one big play. Afterwards in Scene 6 a message is sent to Macbeth from a lookout that Birnam wood is coming to Dunsinane. Macbeth is shocked as he hears it and goes into a state of denial and calls the messenger a liar and warns him that he should tell the truth. Macbeth goes up to see for himself and sees what he wouldnt of believed; he immediately calls for his armour, his shield and his sword. Macduff soon arrives and he and Macbeth have a sword fight, Macduff, still with the anger of his familys slaughtering inside him, draws his sword and decapitates Macbeth. Macduff takes over as the King of Scotland and the play finishes. In conclusion it is without a doubt that Macbeth is a tragedy, and through its 5 acts and 26 scenes it evokes pity on separate occasions. The question was To what extent does Shakespeare create pity for Macbeth. Pity is created almost to the extent that the audience forgives Macbeth for his terrible actions but not entirely. If you take into account all the evidence gathered and make a conclusion you will see that the audience never did and never were supposed to forgive Macbeth.

Factors affecting visual acuity

Factors affecting visual acuity Factors affecting Visual Acuity Visual acuity is measured in various different ways and that is dependent on the acuity task used. However factors affecting the visual acuity have to be taken into account. Visual acuity is affected by a number of ways such as diffraction, aberrations and photoreceptor density in the eye. There are a number of other factors too, which will be discussed more in depth in this article. Other factors that affect visual acuity include: Refractive error Size of the pupil Illumination Time exposure of target Area of retina stimulated State of adaptation of the eye Eye movements These factors will be discussed in detail below. Refractive Error Refractive error is one of the important factors that affect visual acuity. Refractive error affects visual acuity depending on the correction, either Hypermetropic or Myopic or an Emmetropic eye. Visual acuity is affected depending if it causes a defocus at the retina, in the case of a Hypermetropic or myopic eye this is the case. Defocus is when fine details, sharp edges and contrast detail is blurred out. In a Hypermetropic eye, the eye is too strong so the image is focused in front of the retina causing a defocus hence affecting visual acuity. The reverse occurs with a myopic eye, as the eye is too weak, the image is focused in front of the retina therefore again causing a defocus hence affecting visual acuity. On the other hand to obtain a perfect image, image should be focused sharply on the retina. This is the case in an emmetropic eye; no defocus hence no visual acuity problem due to refractive error. Having astigmatism also affects visual acuity. A phenomenon called the oblique effect states that oblique lines are seen less accurately, meaning that visual acuity is greater when lines are orientated horizontally or vertically. This is still the case even after a perfect correction of refractive error and astigmatism. Size of Pupil Eye takes time to see things. The nerve signals take a limited amount of time to travel along the optic nerve and instigate visual awareness. Therefore the size of pupil can determine how quickly or slow a signal can be stimulated thus determining how much visual acuity is affected. Large pupils let more light pass through into the eye so stimulating the retina more. However this does have a disadvantage; it affects resolution due to the aberrations that increase in the eye due to an increase in light. Small pupils reduce optical aberrations due to less light passing through into the eye however resolutions are diffraction limited. Therefore for good visual acuity a mid size pupil of approximately 3mm to 5mm is optimal as this is a compromise between the diffraction and aberration limits. Visual acuity also decreases with age due to decrease in pupil size, so a higher level of illumination is needed in older people to improve visual acuity. Illumination For recognition tasks, visual acuity increases with illumination. However at very high illumination levels, acuity may decrease because of loss of contrast between object and its background, or reflections on the surface of the object decreasing the contrast between the background and object. Higher the contrast between the object and the background the greater the acuity is. When contrast is reduced, it becomes more difficult to read it against a darker background therefore the text need to be made larger in order for the illumination levels to be correct for good visual acuity. Illumination levels greatly affect the older generation due to many people having cataracts. The cataract becomes a source of veiling glare within the eye therefore visual acuity decreases. Time Exposure of the Target To detect a small bright spot, detection is greatly dependent on the quantity of light rather than the exposure time. However to detect a line, the acuity is proportional to the exposure time. There is no simple acuity-exposure time relationship for the resolution of the target. Area of the Retina Stimulated Visual acuity is greatest at the centre of fixation, which in this case is at the fovea. Fovea has the greatest visual acuity due to the densely packed cones, so once the image is moved away from the centre of fixation visual acuity is affected. At a distance of 5 minutes of arc from the centre of fixation, there is a loss in visual acuity. At approximately 10 minutes of arc from fixation there is about 25% visual acuity loss. This shows that our vision is most accurate at the fovea and acuity falls rapidly as we move towards the peripheral retina. Therefore in order to achieve best visual acuity we must scan our visual field to place the fovea on the area of interest and to achieve this we must have excellent oculo-motor co-ordination. State of Adaptation of the Eye Highest level of acuity is achieved if the eye is tailored to the equivalent level as the test luminance of 34cd/m2 to 34,000cd/m2. Test luminance less than 34cd/m2 will achieve to some extent, better acuity. Under photopic conditions, the high density of cones at the fovea is accountable for the high levels of acuity. Under scotopic conditions it is a little altered, due to the Aii Amacrine cells appearing to limit resolution. Maximum scotopic acuity occurs at 5-15 degrees eccentricity which is corresponding to the cell density, while peak rod density occurs at about 15-20 degrees. Eye Movements In steady eye fixation, the eyes are in constant motion; therefore moving objects are more difficult to see than stationary objects thus affecting visual acuity. Visual acuity will be greater when point of interest is constant or little movement however visual acuity will be at a great loss when object is in constant movement. Conclusion: Dynamic visual acuity is lower than Static visual acuity. Conclusion Visual acuity is measured in a number of different procedures however it is dependant on many factors. Visual acuity cannot just be taken as a figure without considering all the factors that affect it. Such as the refractive error, size of pupil, illumination, area of retina stimulated, adaptation of the eye, eye movements and time exposure of the target. Therefore without an understanding of this visual acuity cannot be taken accurately. References Atchison D. A., Smith G., and Efron N. (1979) The effect of pupil size on visual acuity in uncorrected and corrected myopia. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 56:315-32 http://employment.alberta.ca/documents/WHS/WHS-PUBeyeinjl.pdf http://webvision.med.utah.edu/KallSpatial.html W,Karwowski. Encyclopaedia of ergonomics and human factors. Volume 1.

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1. Introduction The aim of this report was to discuss how the climate change and urbanisation processes affected the design and management of wastewater systems in one of the countries of choice. In this report as an example China was used to describe the influence of urbanisation and climate change on design and management of wastewater systems. Rapidly growing human population is expected to exceed nine billion people by 2050. Urban areas in developing countries are affected by rapid growth of population and poor infrastructure development. Already half of the human population live in cities where the infrastructure is not developed enough to sustain wastewater production. As the population increases so the production of waste water. In addition, climate changes affect the weather patterns, which directly influence a hydrological cycle. As a result one area suffers from rain fall shortage and others from more intense rainfalls. 2. China In recent decades, China’s population has rapidly grown which caused rapid economic growth and increased the rate of urbanisation. At present china has one of the fastest urban population growth rate in the world.(UNDP 2013) All this happened along with proceeding environmental destruction and serious water pollution. The growing population of China has a high water demand as well as a lack of sufficient wastewater infrastructure. Those factors result in poor water quality and severe water shortages. In 2002 the rate of municipal wastewater treatment in China was 39.9 percent. (U.S Department of commerce 2005) Figure 1 Urbanisation and the urban population in China (CEIC 2012) â€Å"Macroeconimic Database for emerging and development markets. (source:www.stats.gov.ch) Water resources and water c... ...ns Benefit/cost analysis Environmental Impact Legal mandates 7. Develop implementation plans, including timeframe for implementation 8. Monitor and reassess Source: ( Rosenzweig et al. 2007 ). Figure 6 Conceptual model of a sustainable water resource system (source Hecht et al.2012) 5. Conclusion High rates of urbanisation and climate change in China has created many problems related to water resources. An increase in the population and a high urbanisation rate have effected and increased wastewater production. The Chinese water market is already under a huge amount of stress. The quality and quantity of water resources have been depleted due to the inefficient use of water. In terms of wastewater management China requires a long term strategy with sustainable solutions which will take into account climate change and the rate of urbanisation.

Health Promotion Essay

In today’s society, individuals do not recognize that every phase of their life is influenced by their health. People cannot accomplish their goals in society to their full advantage when they are unhealthy. In order to help the population improve their overall health, health promotion is essential. Health promotion and its objective will be discussed in this paper. In addition, it will further examine what our responsibilities are as nurses in the structure of health promotion. Furthermore, health promotion is separated into three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, all benefitting the individual. The U.S. Public Health Service identifies health promotion as â€Å"the process of advocating health in order to enhance the probability that personal, private, and public support of positive health practices will become a societal norm† (Edelman & Mandle, 2010, p. 14). In addition to offering information to patients regarding their health, health promotion incorporates supporting patients to enhance their general well-being and recognize their individual health potential (Skybo & Polivka, 2007). Health promotion provides patients with the understanding of the different elements that can alter their health and inspires them to obtain control of it (Bennett, Perry, & Lawrence, 2009). As well as enhancing patient outcomes, health promotion assists in reducing costs, which are consistently rising in health care (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). According to Edelman & Mandel, health promotion can be used on a public level, community level, or personal level (2010). For instance, on the public level, health promotion could include granting assistance or low-income housing programs by the government. The community level might incorporate Habitat for Humanity, which is a great advantage for that particular population. Lastly, the personal level would include individuals who vote to favor programs that assist the community (Hoyle, Bartee, & Allensworth, 2010). Health promotion, a frequently used phrase, is especially critical to the nursing career. It encompasses many concepts that nurses encounter daily. Because education is crucial to succeed, nurses are an essential part in health promotion. Every day, nurses provide education to their patients. To assist them in maintaining and enhancing their well-being, nursing interventions benefit individuals by expanding their resources (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). Since there are various settings in nursing, this is the ideal opportunity to educate individuals. With the help of nurses, healthy communities, homes, and schools can exist with proper education. Regardless of the specialty, all nurses need to educate patients on how to remain fit so they can live a longer, healthier life. Currently, collaboration occurs with an interdisciplinary team, which all assist in improving patients’ lives. Team members may include physicians, therapists, social workers, and dietitians. By working together to create a diverse educational background, this team helps patients overcome their illnesses or helps them manage the disease affecting their life (Bennett et al., 2009). Since health promotion is employed entirely across nursing, nurses are accountable for facilitating the best outcome for each individual patient. Health promotion includes three levels; primary, secondary and tertiary (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). Primary prevention includes delivering strategies and education to help patients avoid illnesses (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). For example, when a nurse delivers an immunization to a patient, she educates them about the potential risks of the disease and how the immunization will help prevent them from contracting the disease. In addition to the community, primary education is also applied in schools as an informative tool, to educate students about harmful diseases such as those taught in sex education classes. This offers support to students, enabling them to make informed decisions about protecting their health from such diseases. Secondary prevention is the next level of health promotion. This includes timely diagnosis of an illness and immediate therapy (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). This level aids in reducing occurrences of illness and inhibiting development between patients (Bennett et al., 2009). By offering community screenings for diabetes or hypertension, nurses are applying secondary prevention. Public health screenings allow nurses to identify potential diseases at an early stage, as well as provide the patient with beneficial information to slow the progression of the illness. Lastly, the tertiary level consists of helping the patient with rehabilitation and recovery (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). This stage identifies the disease and makes the patient cognizant of their health challenges. The nurse’s role in this level is to deliver education to help reduce complications. If a patient is admitted to the hospital with a stroke, physical and occupational rehabilitation may be initiated to retain the maximum stage of function and to avoid another stroke from transpiring (Skybo & Polivka, 2007). The three levels of health promotion are utilized every day and positively assist patients with improving themselves. Nursing will continually incorporate health promotion and the prevention of illnesses. To help support the best outcome for all patients, it is essential that nurses adapt to change. Primary, secondary, and tertiary are the principle levels of health promotion in the nursing profession. These three levels will contribute to patients living longer, healthier lives. References Bennett, C., Perry, J., & Lawrence, Z. (2009). Promoting health in primary care. Nursing Standard, 23(47), 48-56. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=2010367201&site=ehost-live&scope=site Edelman, C., & Mandle, C. L. (2010). Health promotions throughout the life span (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Hoyle, T., Bartee, R., & Allensworth, D. (2010). Applying the process of health promotion in schools: A commentary. Journal Of School Health, 80(4), 163-166. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2009.00483.x. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=2010582507&site=ehost-live&scope=site Skybo, T., & Polivka, B. (2007). Health promotion model for childhood violence prevention and exposure. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 16(1), 38-45. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01621.x. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login .aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=2009481108&site=ehost-live&scope=site

The Rate and Sequence of Development in Children and Adolescents Essay

Human development begins at conception and continues right through to adolescence after which the young adult emerges. In order to inform best practice when working with children it’s important to understand the development of children and young people and some key concepts that affect it. Areas of Development Children’s development is often thought of in four areas: Physical – This concerns the development of motor functions Cognitive – This is the development of a child’s ability to perceive and understand the world around them. It includes skills involved in memory, abstract thought, learning and understanding Social and Emotional – Social and emotional development centers around the child’s perception of their own identity and their place in society. It concerns their relationships and attachments, self-image, gender and psychosexual development and ideas around morality Communication – The child acquires skills in language and non-verbal communication Again, these areas of development are linked. The child’s cognitive ability will affect his acquisition of language skills. His ability to communicate will influence his social interaction, which in turn will affect his moral development. Each development follows on from the last and a deficiency in one area may lead to problems arising in the child’s development across a wide range of skills. Read more: Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of external factors essay Rate of Development It is important to realise that although development occurs in a common order, the rates at which a child develops can vary. This can influence the approach that must be taken when working with children as we must take into account each individual’s stage of development and adapt our approach accordingly. The rate of development is influenced by many factors both genetic and environmental. For example, a baby will commonly begin to smile socially at around 6 weeks old. However, if the child is not talked to or smiled at during the first few weeks after birth they may not smile socially until much later while a baby who experiences lots of positive communication in those early weeks may smile sooner than 6 weeks. Brain Development Development in children is closely linked to their brain development. At birth a baby will have almost all of the brain cells or Neurons that they will develop throughout life. Brain function develops as the Neurons create links between one another called synapses. At 2-3 years old children have almost twice as many synapses as they will have in adulthood. Throughout a child’s development their Neurons develop a fatty coating that enables the cells to function more efficiently and speeds up signal transmission through the synapses. The more a synapse is used the stronger it becomes and the developing child’s environment is essential for this strengthening process, providing the stimuli required to develop strong synapses. During late childhood and adolescence the brain undergoes a process called ‘pruning’ whereby it rids itself of excess synaptic connections and reorganises itself to become more efficient. This process can cause a temporary reduction in certain skills in adolescents, particularly those requiring reasoning and social communication. Stages of Development In order to understand development in children we commonly break it down into 5 stages. These are: Infancy – Birth to 1 year old Early Years – 1 to 3 years old Childhood – 4 to 7 years old Puberty – 8 – 12 years old Adolescence – 12 – 19 years old. The stages are not fixed at the ages given but rather serve as a guide for the development of the ‘average’ child. This allows professionals to gauge whether a child is making appropriate developmental progress and decide whether interventions are necessary. Developmental stages can also be talked about in terms of ‘milestones’. These are the ages at which we would expect to see most children having achieved a certain stage in their development. For example, most children will be able to walk alone and un-aided at 18 months old. Many children will achieve this at an earlier age however. The stages of development are linked and sequential. This means that all children will develop in the same order and each skill or ability serves as a foundation for the next. Infancy During the Child’s first year the majority of their development concerns their physical ability. Development is rapid when compared to later stages although the rate of cognitive and social development is highly dependent on the quality of care the child receives. Development in the first year can be observed as follows: Birth to 1 month: The infant will gain more control over his neck and be able to begin supporting his own head albeit unsteadily. He will be able to grasp items when they are placed in his palm and have the ability to coordinate the movement of his head and eyes. He will be interested in bright and shiny objects as he begins to interpret the world around him. This also leads him to gaze intently at his carers, imitating their facial expressions. During the first month the infant will use cries to indicate when he needs attention. He will learn which cries are more effective and begin to tailor his communication to the circumstances. The infant’s cognitive development begins at a basic level, seeing him react to bright lights by blinking, crying when they require a need to be met and beginning to track moving objects with their eyes. 1 – 3 months During the infant’s second and third month he will begin to become interested in his own movements, playing with his hands and watching them intently. He is able to kick and wave his arms and legs and hold an object for a few seconds. By six weeks old we would expect to see social smiling as his social and emotional development carries on. This can occur earlier or later depending on the quality of care the infant receives. The infant will begin to recognise sounds and identify their direction, will stop crying when he hears a human voice and will begin to vocalise when he is spoken to or indeed when he is alone. Cognitively, the infant’s development is still at a relatively slow rate while his senses and movements are refined. Over this period he will distinguish between and follow the movements of large and small items. 3 – 6 months The infant will develop strength in his arms, using them for support when lying down. He will be able to hold on to small items and pass them from one hand to another. He is also able to sit upright with support. During this period there is an increase in the infant’s social and emotional development, seeing them voacalise and engage with his carers. He will also become more interested in other babies and begins to become interested in social interaction. In normal circumstances the infant will begin to display ‘stranger fear’ behavior although, according to attachment theories put forward by Mary Ainsworth and later Mary Main and Judith Solomon, these behaviours can vary and may not present at all depending on the type of attachment the infant has made with his primary caregiver. The infant may also make use of a comfort object, for example a blanket or toy. During this time the infant will begin to communicate in an interactive way, responding differently to different noises, laughing during play and through the understanding of simple words such as ‘No’ and ‘Bye bye’. Now, with his new-found interactive skills, his cognitive development begins to speed up. He will become extremely curious and attempt to investigate his environment thoroughly. Objects are frequently put into the mouth and he develops the ability to apply ‘object permanence’, becoming able to calculate the position of objects that have been dropped and rolled out of sight. By their first birthday they should be able to: Area of Development Indicators Physical Coordinate their limbs and move around by crawling Use fine motor skills to manipulate objects with their hands Sit up alone and support their own head and neck Finger feed Cognitive Understand the world around them and begin to develop object permanence Behaviour becomes ‘goal directed’ Social and Emotional Recognise their usual carers and display stranger fear. Communication Begin to form simple speech sounds Able to communicate through pointing Know his own name Early years Between the ages of 1 and 3 years old the child gains a greater awareness of their identity and social interaction. They also refine their motor skills and develop a greater ability to communicate and speak. 12 – 18 Months This period is an exciting time in a ‘Toddler’s’ physical development. He will improve his ability to walk with support until he is able to confidently walk unaided, be able to feed himself with a spoon and have refined his fine motor skills to enable him to grasp objects such as a crayon. He will begin to enjoy kicking and rolling a ball and will have shown his preference for either his right or left hand. The child will begin to display ‘temper tantrums’ and become more assertive and emotionally volatile. He will feel safe in routine and will rebel at changes to it. During this stage the child will be egocentric and enjoy playing alone. He will struggle to understand sharing and will display ‘stranger shyness’, retreating to the safety of his main caregiver when  feeling scared. Between the ages of 12-18 months the child will begin to speak with the first words emerging and building to a vocabulary of around 18-20 words. He will be able to follow simple instructions and will begin to mimic sentences spoken to him, particularly the last few words. The child’s cognitive development will see him learning how objects work together through play with toys such as blocks. He will be able to recognise familiar people and point to different parts of the body. He will be able to appreciate picture books and recognise and indicate named objects. 18 Months – 2 Years The child will now be able to climb stairs unaided and enjoy climbing over furniture when he has the opportunity. He is able to build a tower with blocks and manipulate drawing tools to generate circles and dots. During this time the child will begin to become interested in other children although will still be reluctant to share. He begins to develop empathy for others and becomes more emotionally stable with a reduction in the frequency and severity of tantrums. He will become more confident when left in the care of others. His language development will continue with his vocabulary growing to around 200 words. He will become able to form simple two-word sentences and will begin to talk to himself as part of play. 2 Years – 2 Years 6 Months The child will become bigger and stronger, allowing him to exert more force on his environment. This promotes confidence and the child will be able to experiment with jumping, walking on tiptoes and play with balls and other toys. The child will start to play cooperatively in small groups and develop an idea of gender identity. He will become increasingly emotionally secure and will use the safety of his caregiver as a base to explore the world around him. The child’s vocabulary will continue to grow rapidly with the child understanding more complex grammatical rules such as plurals. He will be able to hold simple conversations with others and have learned to count to 10. Over the last year the child will have learned to differentiate between colours and recognise a few of them. He will be able to draw more accurately and use tools such as paint brushes, scissors and crayons. By their third birthday they will be able to: Area of Development Indicators Physical The child is able to complete more complex physical tasks They will have developed their fine motor function and be able to manipulate objects more accurately They will be able to walk independently and climb stairs Cognitive Continue to learn through behavior modeling, copying more advanced behaviours Begin to explore the world around them The child will use role play and creative play to develop their thinking processes The child is able to classify objects using simple criteria Social and Emotional The child becomes egocentric and struggles to see situations from another’s perspective Has a clear idea of gender identity Begins to interact with a wider peer group and engage in group play Communication Is able to speak clearly and uses a vocabulary of around 200 – 300 words Still struggles to understand nonverbal communication Childhood From roughly aged three to the age of seven years old the child sees a rapid development in their social and communication abilities. They develop ideas around rules and social acceptance while growing bonds with peers. They also experience an increase in their cognitive ability and physical skills. 3-4 Years During this time the child may learn to ride a bike and will be able to throw and catch a ball accurately. He will be able to take more control over his personal care with the ability to dress and undress and to brush his teeth. He will be able to control his hands more accurately, allowing him to use scissors to cut around an object. The child will develop friendships and enjoy cooperative and dramatic play. He will have a strong sense of gender awareness and become stable and emotionally secure. Alongside an increasing sense of independence he will also find a reduction in the anxiety associated with being separated from his carers although he will still need comforting and reassurance. The Child will learn to use short, grammatically correct sentences and begin to use language to gain information about their world. He will still make errors in tense however will be easily understood and will easily imitate adult speech. This period see interesting cognitive development in the child. He will begin to classify objects using simple criteria such as weight, and understand third-person concepts such as ‘in front of’ and ‘next to’. He will understand the routine of daily life and be able to recognise key times such as meal times and bed time. He will also have developed a greater understanding of colour and will be able to draw more complex objects such as a full person or a house. 5-6 Years Between the ages of 5 and 6 years the child will increase in their technical ability. He will have begun to form letters and be able to write his own name while also developing his gross motor skills to allow him to hit a ball with a bat and run with increasing speed. The child will now start to develop a sense of morality and will be concerned about other people’s perceptions of him. He will freely form firm friendships and be able to play complex games while remaining supportive to other children. During this stage the child’s vocabulary will continue to grow quickly, exceeding 5000 words. His speech will be clear and fluent and he will gain enjoyment from jokes, singing and rhymes. He will recognise new words and ask for definitions to clarify their meaning. Cognitively he will develop in several areas. His ability to read and write will increase, seeing him sight reading over ten words and being able to read simple books with a little more effort. He will be able to write more fluently, forming words and will be able to draw with increasing sophistication. He will be able to understand concepts around quantity including ‘whole’ and ‘half’ while also being able to count as far as 100. His understanding of routine will increase and he will be able to predict the order of future events. By their seventh birthday a child should: Area of Development Indicators Physical The child will be able to perform complex tasks such as catching and throwing a ball Their fine motor skills will allow them to perform tasks like threading a needle and using scissors Cognitive Have a basic understanding of rules and consequences The child will be able to understand concepts such as humour and fairness They will have a creative imagination Social and Emotional The child will interact easily with peers They will understand the concept of society and ‘fitting in’ They will be able to play cooperatively The child is more able to understand another’s perspective Communication They begin to derive pleasure from communicating They are able to use more complex language techniques The child is able to express himself through writing and drawing Puberty From ages 8 to 12 years old children begin to experience puberty. Typically this occurs earlier in girls while in boys it may not happen until as late as 14 years old. During this time their body undergoes changes to become sexually mature and the child develops a more advanced perception around gender and sexuality. The brain begins the ‘pruning’ process during this phase and so we see an increase in the child’s ability to analyse their own thought process coupled with a reduction in the ability to use reasoning skills, social communication and empathy. By the age of 12 a child should: Areas of Development Indicators Physical The child by now will possess good coordination skills Their body will begin to develop into the adult form with an increase in hormone activity Cognitive The child’s analytical abilities will be good and they will be able to solve problems independently They will be able to classify and compare objects using complicated variables They will develop a strong idea of personal identity and gender Social and Emotional The child will become more independent and place a greater emphasis on peer relationships They will begin to challenge authority and test out boundaries to further develop their independence Temporarily experience a reduction in their reasoning ability Communication They are able to express themselves articulately They can describe ideas about themselves, for example their strengths and weaknesses Their social communication skills may weaken temporarily through the ‘pruning’ process Adolescence During adolescence young people develop their ability to understand abstract concepts while gaining their independence. Their physical development is almost complete and they now learn to deal with complex adult emotions, sexuality, and their strengths and weaknesses. Their communication skills and reasoning ability gradually return allowing them to maintain complex relationships and make choices about their future. By age 19 the young adult will: Area of Development Indicators Physical Their bodies will now be fully matured and they will have high skill in various areas Their reaction times and coordination will be good Cognitive Their ability to use reason will return They will be able to use abstract thoughts They will have a perception of their place in the world They will be able to question information and make rational decisions based on experience Social and Emotional Develop a greater link with his peer group Self esteem can affected by physical changes Peer pressure becomes a more important factor Communication The young person’s social communication and empathy will return towards the end of adolescence They will be able to understand and express complicated abstract concepts